مطالعه برخی مشخصات فیزیکی خاک با ابزار دقیق برای شناخت معضل فشردگی و اصلاح عملیات زیرشکن‌زنی مزارع نیشکر با رویکرد کشاورزی دقیق

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه مهندسی ماشین‌های کشاورزی و مکانیزاسیون- دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی- دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی

2 - دانشیارگروه مهندسی خاک- دانشکده کشاورزی- دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان- ایران

چکیده

فشردگی خاک یک معضل، کشاورزی و محیط زیست است. در مزارع نیشکر  خوزستان مهم­ترین عملیات‌ها، استفاده از زیرشکن‌های سبک و ریپرهای بلدوزر برای رفع فشردگی می‌باشد. هدف از این تحقیق بعد از شناساندن و به­کارگیری ابزار و شیوه­های نمونه­برداری سریع و آسان برای شناخت دقیق­تر خاک و اثرات زیرشکن­زنی مرسوم و تاکید بر ضرورت کشاورزی دقیق در دو مزرعه 25 هکتاری است. نتایج نمونه‌برداری تا عمق80 سانتیمتر نشان داد، میزان شن از ذرات دیگر کمتر و مواد آلی  هر دو مزرعه از سطح به عمق کاهشی بود. رطوبت  در مزرعه1 با میانگین 64/7 و 42/17 و در مزرعه2 با 89/8 و 85/20 درصد به‌ترتیب کمترین و بیشترین است. تخلخل خاک  مزارع بسیار کم و از میانگین 85/35 تا 81/49 درصد مشاهده شد. کمترین و بیشترین تراکم نسبی خاک در مزرعه1 به‌ترتیب 41/76 و 08/82 درصد و در مزرعه2  16/77 و 07/82 درصد است. الگوی مرسوم زیرشکن­زنی موجب ایجاد لایه‌های سخت در عمق‌های حداقل 65 سانتی‌ می‌شود. فشردگی مزارع  نزدیک بهم و1.6 مگاپاسکال است و بیشینه فشردگی در لایه سطحی بین 7تا20 سانتیمتری و مربوط به مسیر جوی­ها و بالاتر از 3 مگاپاسکال بود. وضعیت فشردگی در جوی، پشته و پاشنه متغیر بوده و دلایل فشردگی­های سطحی و میانی عبارتند از، تردد ماشین‌های برداشت؛ سبدهای حمل نی؛ تقارن فصل بارندگی و برداشت؛ پاشنه شخم گاوآهن برگردان و ریپرها است. استفاده از ماشین الکتروهیدرولیک نفوذسنج مخروطی با نوآوری و به‌کارگیری سامانه برقی  امکان ترسیم نقشه‌های مشخصه­های فیزکی خاک  و تعیین حداکثر عمق­ زیرشکن­زنی برای پیش­گیری عبور از عمق بحرانی فراهم و  شرایط به‌کارگیری فناوری نرخ متغیر امکان­پذیر شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of some Soil Physical Characteristics and Soil Compaction Using Accurate Measuring Machine and Optimizing Subsoiling Operations in Sugarcane Fields: A Precision Agriculture Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • navab kazemi 1
  • siroos jafari 2
1 1- Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Soil compaction, a problem threat to agriculture, has become a pressing issue in Khuzestan sugarcane fields. Subsoiling, a common practice to combat compaction, utilizes various decompactor and dozer-mounted rippers. To address this challenge, a study was conducted in two 25-hectare fields. The study aimed to identify and implement rapid and easy soil sampling techniques for a more accurate understanding of soil and the detrimental effects of conventional subsoiling practices. It also emphasized the need for a shift towards precision agriculture Sand content was generally lower than other particles, and organic matter decreased with depth in both fields. Sand content was generally lower than other particles, and organic matter decreased with depth in both fields. Moisture content varied significantly, with the lowest and highest averages observed in Field 1 (64.7% and 42.17%) and Field 2 (89.8% and 85.20%), respectively. Soil porosity was considerably low in both fields, ranging from 85.35% to 81.49%. Soil relative density ranged from 41.76% to 16.77% in Field 1 and 16.77% to 7.82% in Field 2 Analysis revealed that this method creates hard layers at depths of at least 65 cm. The average compaction across both fields was 1.6 MP, with the highest compaction occurring in the surface layer (7-20 cm), particularly along furrow paths, exceeding 3 MP. Machinery traffic, cane hauling baskets, synchronization of irrigation and harvesting seasons, and improper plowing practices. The study employed an electrohydraulic cone penetrometer to map physical properties. This method offers several advantages, which can be used for planning precision agriculture operations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Penetrometer
  • Precision Agriculture
  • Soil Compaction
  • Subsoiling
  • Sugarcane
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