The Effects of Genotype, Moisture Content, Speeds and Loading Direction on Walnut Extraction Quality

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Tabriz

Abstract

Abstract
In this research, some parameters affecting walnut kernel extraction quality under impact loading were studied. The tests were carried out on the available genotypes in Iran. For this purpose, three different genotypes from walnut orchards of Azarshar city were selected and the total yield of these genotypes was collected. The universal test machine (Hounsfield) was used for the compression tests. For the impact tests, four factors were evaluated in a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with five replications. The factors were genotype, moisture content, load direction with three levels, and compression speed (three levels), and the effect of these factors on kernel extraction quality was studied. Walnut breakage assessments and kernel extraction quality were evaluated by well-defined criteria. Generally, with increasing moisture content, the percentage of broken kernels decreased and the extraction quality grade was improved. The percentages of broken kernels increased when compression speed was increased. Generally, soaking the walnuts in water for 12 h and Y loading direction yielded the best kernel extraction quality.
 

Keywords

References

Altuntas, E., and Erkol, M. (2009). The effects of moisture content, compression speeds, and axes on mechanical properties of walnut cultivars. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4(7), 1288-1295.
Altuntas, E., and Ozkan, Y. (2008). Physical and mechanical properties of some walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars. International Journal of Food Engineering, 4(4), 1-14.
Anonymous. (1993). Walnut kernel-specification and methods of test: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran.
Anonymous.(2016). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Asoegwu, S. N. (1995). Some physical properties and cracking energy of conophor nuts at different moisture contents. Int. Agrophysics, 9, 131-142.
Braga, G. C., Couto, S. M., Hara, T., and Almeida Neto, J. T. P. (1999). Mechanical behaviour of macadamia nut under compression loading. Journal of agricultural engineering research, 72(3), 239-245.
Fraser, B. M., Verma, S. S., and Muir, W. E. (1978). Some physical properties of fababeans. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 23(1), 53-57.
Gbadam, E. K., Anthony, S., & Asiam, E. K. (2009). The determination of some design parameters for palm nut crackers. European Journal of Scientific Research 29 (2), 315-327.
Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., Mousavi, S. M., Hamedi, M., Khodaiyan, F., and Dadashpour, A. Mechanical behavior of Persian walnut and its kernel under compression loading: An experimental and computational study. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation.
Koyuncu, M. A., Ekinci, K., and Savran, E. (2004). Cracking characteristics of walnut. Biosystems Engineering, 87(3), 305-311.
Liang, T., Chou, J., and Knapp, R. (1988). Notching and freezing effect on macadamia nut kernel recovery. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 41(1), 43-52.
Liang, T., Mehra, S. K., and Khan, M. A. (1989). A macadamia nut curing system for improving kernel recovery. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 43(0), 103-111.
Mohammadi Ghermezgoli, K., Ghassemzadeh, H. R., Navid, H., Moghaddam, M., and Ghaffari, H. (2014). Evaluation of Walnut Kernel Quality (as Degree of Crushing) Obtained Under Impact Loading. Journal of Agricultural Machinery, 4(1), 11-20.
Mohsenin, N. N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animal materials: structure, physical characteristics, and mechanical properties: Gordon and Breach.
Ojolo, J. S., and Eweina, B. A. (2017). Predicting cashew nut cracking using hertz theory of contact stress. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences.
Olaniyan, A. M., and Oje, K. (2002). Some aspects of the mechanical properties of shea nut. Biosystems Engineering, 81(4), 413-420.
Ozdemir, M. (1999). Comparison of the quality of hazelnuts shelled with modified conical sheller and stone sheller. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 72(3), 211-216.
Ozdemir, M., and ozilgen, M. (1997). Comparison of the quality of hazelnuts unshelled with different sizing and cracking systems. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 67(3), 219-227.
Pahnaei, S. (2007). Biological and morphological studies of walnut population in Horand region for selection the better genotypes. (M. Sc), University of Tabriz, Tabriz.
Shahbazi, F. (2013). Effective conditions for extracting higher quality kernels from walnuts. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 5(3), 199-206.
Valizadeh, M., and Moghaddam, M. (2011). Experimental designs in agriculture (5 ed.). Tabriz: Parivar Publication.
Xavier, J. A. (1992). Study of macadamia nut breakage. Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, Botucatu, SP, UNESP.
Zhang, H., Shen, L., Lan, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Tang, Y., and Li, W. (2018). Mechanical properties and finite element analysis of walnut under different cracking parts. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(6), 81-88.
 
 
Agricultural Mechanization
Volume 6, Issue 2
June 2021
Pages 9-19

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 July 2021
  • Accept Date: 12 July 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics