Investigation of Some Qualitative Properties of Okra under the Influence of Magnetic Field

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Biosystems Mechanics, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
In recent decades many studies have been conducted on the impact of magnetic waves on living organisms. The phenolic compounds are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in plants, and the biologic activity and diverse pharmacology of these compounds have been reported in many studies. In this study, okra fruits were arranged in order to be exposed to the magnetic field. The samples were tested in three repetitions, three times (3, 6, 9 min) and three fields (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mT). To measure total phenol and total flavonoids, 0.5 g of each sample was beaten with 5 ml of 80% methanol (1 to 10 ratio) and homogenized in a cold mortar. After assimilation, the material was placed on a shaker for 24 hours in a dark place and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. The results showed that the magnetic field had different effects on the quality of the two properties. Compared with the control treatment, increasing the magnetic field, increased the amount of phenol from 2.759 to 2.932 mgGUEg-1 significantly,  while the flavonoid content decreased significantly from 0.821 to 0.0895 mgGUE g -1.
 

Keywords


Abbaszadeh, R., Masoumian, M., Shahriar, S., Zenozi, A., Noroozian, A., and Mirsafi F. St. (2014). Study of the Effect of Electromagnetic Field on the Phenol Production of Aloe Vera Plant. Iranian Electromagnetic Engineering (KAM) Conference. (In Persian). 
Abdollahi, F., Amiri, H., Niknam, V., Ghanati, F., and Mahdigholi, K. (2018). The Effect Of Static Magnetic Waves On The Content Of Phenolic Compounds In Two Iranian Almond Species.  Journal Of Plant Process and Function. 7(24): 1-10. (In Persian). 
Aladjadjiyan, A. (2002). Study of the Influence of Magnetic Field on Some Biological Characteristics of Zea Mais. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 3(2):89–94.
Al-Maiman, S. A., and Ahmad, D. (2002). Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation. Food Chemistry. 76(4): 437-441.
Alqasoumi, S. I. (2012). ‘Okra’ Hibiscus Esculentus L.: A Study of Its Hepatoprotective Activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 20(2):135–41.
Arapitsas, Panagiotis. (2008). Identification and Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds from Okra Seeds and Skins. Food Chemistry. 110(4):1041–45.
Athari Nia, M., & Noori, M., and Ghanati, F. (2008). Effect Of Static Magnetic Field On Certain Physiological And Biochemical Features Of Cicer Arietinum In Vegetative Growth Phase. Pajouhesh-Va-Sazandegi, 21(3): 62-68. (In Persian). 
Attaguile, G., G. Perticone, G. Mania, F. Savoca, G. Pennisi, and S. Salomone. (2004). Cistus Incanus and Cistus Monspeliensis Inhibit the Contractile Response in Isolated Rat Smooth Muscle. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 92(2–3):245–50.
Belyavskaya, N. A. (2004). Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Advances in space Research. 34(7), 1566-1574. Council, National Research. 2006. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. Vol. 2. National Academies Press.
De Vos, C. H. R., Schat, H., De Waal, M. A. M., Vooijs, R., and Ernst, W. H. O. (1991). Increased resistance to copperinduced damage of the root cell plasmalemma in copper tolerant Silene cucubalus. Physiologia Plantarum. 82(4): 523-528.
Fathiazad, F.,. Ahmadi-Ashtiani, H. R., Rezazadeh, Sh., Jamshidi, M., Mazandarani, M., and Khaki, A. (2010). Study on Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Some Selected Plant of Mazandaran Province. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 9(34): 177-183. (In Persian). 
Fellows, P. J. (2009). Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice. Elsevier.
Gemede, H. F., Ratta, N., Haki, G. D., Woldegiorgis, A. Z., and Beyene, F. (2015). Nutritional quality and health benefits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): A review. J Food Process Technol. 6(458): 2.
Hendee, W. R., and Boteler, J. C. (1994). The question of health effects from exposure to electromagnetic fields. Health Physics. 66(2): 127-136.
Hodek, P., Trefil, P., and Stiborová, M. (2002). Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chemico-biological interactions. 139(1): 1-21.
Javanijouni, F., Abdolmaleki, P., and Ghanati, F. (2008). Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Flavonoid Content in Faba Bean (Vicia Faba L.). Research journal of university of isfahan "science". 35(6): 195-208. (In Persian).
Javed, H., Aziz, M. A., and Leghari, R. A. K. (2009). Resistance in different Okra cultivars (Abelmoschus esculetus L.) against American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Huber). Journal of Agricultural Research. 47(2): 433-438.
Kabuto, H., Yokoi, I., Ogawa, N., Mori, A., and Liburdy, R. P. (2001). Effects of magnetic fields on the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances induced by iron salt and H2O2 in mouse brain homogenates or phosphotidylcholine. Pathophysiology. 7(4): 283-288.
Khoshsokhan Mozaffar, M., Ghanati, F., Zare Maivan, H., Abdolmaleki, P., Khorramishad, K., Etemadi, B., and Vaeszadeh, M. (2006). The Effects Of Static Magnetic Field on The Metabolism Of Certain Phenolic Compounds In Red Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L. Cv. Saccata). Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 19(1):43-69. (In Persian).
Lacy‐hulbert, A., Metcalfe, J. C., and Hesketh, R. (1998). Biological responses to electromagnetic fields 1. The FASEB Journal. 12(6): 395-420.
Liu, I. M., Tzeng, T. F., and Liou, S. S. (2010). Abelmoschus moschatus (Malvaceae), an aromatic plant, suitable for medical or food uses to improve insulin sensitivity. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 24(2):233-239.
Maramag, R. P. (2013). Diuretic Potential of Capsicum Frutescens Linn., Corchorus Oliturius Linn., and Abelmoschus Esculentus Linn. Asian J. Nat. Appl. Sci. 2(1): 60-69.
McGlone, V. A., Jordan, R. B., Seelye, R., and Martinsen, P. J. (2002). Comparing density and NIR methods for measurement of Kiwifruit dry matter and soluble solids content. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 26(2): 191-198.
Michiels, C., Raes, M., Toussaint, O., and Remacle, J. (1994). Importance of Se-glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and Cu/Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative stress. Free radical Biology and medicine. 17(3): 235-248.
Negishi, Y., Hashimoto, A., Tsushima, M., Dobrota, C., Yamashita, M., and Nakamura, T. (1999). Growth of pea epicotyl in low magnetic field implication for space research. Advances in Space Research. 23(12): 2029-2032.
Piacentini, M. P., Fraternale, D., Piatti, E., Ricci, D., Vetrano, F., Dachà, M., and Accorsi, A. (2001). Senescence delay and change of antioxidant enzyme levels in Cucumis sativus L. etiolated seedlings by ELF magnetic fields. Plant Science. 161(1): 45-53.
Rio, L. C., and Rio, M. M. (2013). Effect of electro-magnetic field on the growth characteristicsof okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 3(10): 41-45.
Ružič, R., Vodnik, D., and Jerman, I. (2000). Influence of aluminum in biologic effects of ELF magnetic field stimulation. Electro-and Magnetobiology. 19(1): 57-68.
Saha, D., Jain, B., and Jain, V. K. (2011). Phytochemical evaluation and characterization of hypoglycemic activity of various extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. fruit. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3(2): 183-185.
Sahebjamei, H., Abdolmaleki, P., and Ghanati, F. (2007). Effects of magnetic field on the antioxidant enzyme activities of suspension‐cultured tobacco cells. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 28(1): 42-47.
Scaiano, J. C., Cozens, F. L., and McLean, J. (1994). Model for the rationalization of magnetic field effects in vivo. Application of the radicalpair mechanism to biological systems. Photochemistry and photobiology. 59: 585-589.
Shariati, F. N., kamkar, A., Shams, A. M. R., Misaghi, A., Jamshidi, A. H., and Jahed, K. G. R. (2012). Quantitative and qualitative study of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of plant Pulicaria gnaphalodes. Ofogh-E-Danesh. 17(4(54): 35-41.
Tabart, J., Kevers, C., Pincemail, J., Defraigne, J. O., and Dommes, J. (2009). Comparative antioxidant capacities of phenolic compounds measured by various tests. Food chemistry. 113(4): 1226-1233.
Vinson, J. A., Dabbagh, Y. A., Serry, M. M., and Jang, J. (1995). Plant flavonoids, especially tea flavonols, are powerful antioxidants using an in vitro oxidation model for heart disease. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43(11), 2800-2802.
Yano, A., Ohashi, Y., Hirasaki, T., and Fujiwara, K. 2004. Effects of a 60 Hz magnetic field on photosynthetic CO2 uptake and early growth of radish seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 25(8): 572-581.
Zareei, E., Zaare-Nahandi, F., Oustan, S., and Hajilou, J. (2019). Effects of magnetic solutions on some biochemical properties and production of some phenolic compounds in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 253: 217-226.