University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 2383-126X 9 3 2024 09 22 An Overview of Product Performance Prediction Using Artificial Algorithms An Overview of Product Performance Prediction Using Artificial Algorithms 1 14 18709 10.22034/jam.2024.61899.1276 FA Adel Taherihajivand Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-7643-3396 Kimia Shirini Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Sina Samadi Gharehveran Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 31 Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an essential role in enhancing productivity, reducing costs, and improving service delivery across various sectors, especially in agriculture. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in AI applications for predicting agricultural product performance. Emphasizing the potential of AI, specifically machine learning (ML) algorithms, in precision agriculture, the study highlights its impact on crop yield prediction for crops such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, and soybean. The paper explores the benefits that AI brings to farmers' decision-making by enabling accurate yield predictions, addressing the urgent need for optimized resource utilization, and meeting increasing food demands. Materials and Methods The study focuses on the application of various machine learning algorithms, including supervised and unsupervised learning methods, to predict agricultural product performance. Algorithms such as regression, decision trees, support vector machines, and advanced models like artificial neural networks (ANNs) were analyzed. Several tools, including TensorFlow, Keras, and Scikit-Learn, were employed for model development and testing. These tools facilitated data handling and modeling processes, enabling the extraction of significant patterns from large agricultural datasets through data mining. This approach offers insights into critical factors affecting crop yields and helps refine AI models for more accurate predictions. Results and Discussion The performance of multiple machine learning algorithms was assessed by evaluating their ability to predict crop yield across various crops. Artificial neural networks, random forest, and support vector machine models demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting crop performance, making them particularly suited for applications in precision agriculture. Despite the promising results, challenges remain, such as ensuring high-quality data, improving model interpretability, and adapting algorithms to specific agricultural contexts. Addressing these challenges can enhance the models’ practical application in real-world scenarios, allowing farmers to make more informed decisions based on precise yield forecasts. Conclusion This review underscores the effectiveness of AI-based models, particularly ANNs, random forests, and support vector machines, in predicting agricultural yield with high accuracy. By addressing limitations in data quality, model interpretability, and environmental adaptation, AI models have the potential to revolutionize agriculture, enabling farmers to manage resources more effectively and make data-driven decisions to maximize crop yields. The ongoing improvement of AI tools and techniques is essential for addressing the challenges in precision agriculture and meeting the global food demands of the future. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their gratitude to the University of Tabriz for providing the resources needed to conduct this research. Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an essential role in enhancing productivity, reducing costs, and improving service delivery across various sectors, especially in agriculture. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in AI applications for predicting agricultural product performance. Emphasizing the potential of AI, specifically machine learning (ML) algorithms, in precision agriculture, the study highlights its impact on crop yield prediction for crops such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, and soybean. The paper explores the benefits that AI brings to farmers' decision-making by enabling accurate yield predictions, addressing the urgent need for optimized resource utilization, and meeting increasing food demands. Materials and Methods The study focuses on the application of various machine learning algorithms, including supervised and unsupervised learning methods, to predict agricultural product performance. Algorithms such as regression, decision trees, support vector machines, and advanced models like artificial neural networks (ANNs) were analyzed. Several tools, including TensorFlow, Keras, and Scikit-Learn, were employed for model development and testing. These tools facilitated data handling and modeling processes, enabling the extraction of significant patterns from large agricultural datasets through data mining. This approach offers insights into critical factors affecting crop yields and helps refine AI models for more accurate predictions. Results and Discussion The performance of multiple machine learning algorithms was assessed by evaluating their ability to predict crop yield across various crops. Artificial neural networks, random forest, and support vector machine models demonstrated the highest accuracy in predicting crop performance, making them particularly suited for applications in precision agriculture. Despite the promising results, challenges remain, such as ensuring high-quality data, improving model interpretability, and adapting algorithms to specific agricultural contexts. Addressing these challenges can enhance the models’ practical application in real-world scenarios, allowing farmers to make more informed decisions based on precise yield forecasts. Conclusion This review underscores the effectiveness of AI-based models, particularly ANNs, random forests, and support vector machines, in predicting agricultural yield with high accuracy. By addressing limitations in data quality, model interpretability, and environmental adaptation, AI models have the potential to revolutionize agriculture, enabling farmers to manage resources more effectively and make data-driven decisions to maximize crop yields. The ongoing improvement of AI tools and techniques is essential for addressing the challenges in precision agriculture and meeting the global food demands of the future. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their gratitude to the University of Tabriz for providing the resources needed to conduct this research.

https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18709_01de55eefd0183a1f29e4f94178def7d.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 2383-126X 9 3 2024 09 22 Investigating the Effect of Chitosan Edible Coating, Modified Atmosphere Packaging, and Nano Packaging Film on Improving the Quality Characteristics of Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo L.) Investigating the Effect of Chitosan Edible Coating, Modified Atmosphere Packaging, and Nano Packaging Film on Improving the Quality Characteristics of Zucchini (Cucurbita Pepo L.) 15 31 18713 10.22034/jam.2024.63091.1288 FA Mehdi Moradi Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University , Hamedan, Iran Ebrahim Ahmadi Dept of Biosystem Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University Farshad Dashti Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University , Hamedan, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 24 Storage of agricultural products is one of the post-harvest operations. The increase in food waste and the emphasis on fresh consumption of these products doubles the importance of storing them after harvest. Therefore, it is very important to use methods such as a modified atmosphere, edible chitosan coating, and nano packaging film to increase shelf life and maintain the quality of agricultural products. Zucchini is one of the agricultural products that, due to having a lot of water, after a few days of storage, its quality decreases. In this research, the physicochemical and mechanical properties of this product, during the storage period were evaluated by factorial test in a completely randomized design. Zucchini product after harvesting from the farm is covered with 0.5% chitosan solution and with two types of films, including silicone nanoemulsion film and normal, and also in two environments including modified atmosphere (5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 85 % nitrogen) and normal atmosphere, packed and stored at 4°C. The storage time for the samples was 20 days. Chemical properties (total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and phenol), physical properties (color changes and weight loss), and mechanical properties (penetration force, elasticity modulus, and penetration energy) were evaluated during the storage period every four days. The results showed that the total soluble solids and color changes (∆E) in the uncoated package containing modified atmosphere and nanofilm had the least changes. The coated package containing a modified atmosphere and nanofilm reduced the changes in pH factors, titratable acidity, weight loss, and penetration force. The modified atmosphere showed a positive performance in reducing the changes of phenol. Also, the combination of modified atmosphere and nanofilm prevented the increase of changes in elasticity modulus and penetration energy. Introduction Fruits and vegetables are of particular importance in human nutrition and have significant health benefits. Hence, increasing consumer demand has led to increased focus on the production and quality control of these products. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a common vegetable widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, America, and Asia. Zucchini and other agricultural products experience a decline in quality after harvest due to water loss and reduced firmness, which leads to significant economic losses. Post-harvest losses of zucchini increase with improper packaging. When the product is damaged, cellular respiration increases. Increased respiration rate increases ethylene production, accelerates the ripening and aging process, and reduces the quality and shelf life of fruits and vegetables. One of the techniques for reducing waste is the use of appropriate packaging and cold storage to reduce the metabolic activity of agricultural products, which leads to a decrease in respiration rate, ethylene production, microbial activity, and ripening, as a result, it increases the post-harvest shelf life of these products. The use of a modified atmosphere is also very useful in maintaining the quality of the product during the storage period. In this method, the gas inside the package is replaced with a different composition of the atmosphere. This composition includes a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide, which prevents oxidation and microbial spoilage and preserves the quality of the product. Edible coatings such as chitosan are placed as a layer on the product and effectively reduce microbial growth and also act as a barrier against oxygen and moisture, increasing the shelf life of the product. Packaging products with conventional films may not be as effective due to permeability to gases and water vapor, a problem that can be solved by using nano-reinforced materials. A large number of food packaging companies are using nanotechnology to improve moisture and gas barrier properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging, chitosan coating, and nanofilm on the quality properties of zucchini at 4°C during storage. Materials and Methods The zucchini required in this study were obtained from a farm located in Hamedan city. The zucchini was carefully picked so as not to be damaged and transferred to the Mechanical Properties and Rheology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan. An attempt was made to use samples of the same size, without mechanical or microbial damage. The samples were packaged coated with chitosan powder and uncoated in two packaging films, including a nanofilm made of silicone nanoemulsion purchased from Nano Bespar Aytak Company and a regular film made of light polyethylene, with two types of atmospheres (modified atmosphere with a gas mixture of 5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 85% nitrogen, and regular atmosphere). Three zucchinis were placed in each package and stored at 4 °C for 20 days. The experiments were performed every 4 days. The effects of modified atmosphere treatments, chitosan coating, and nanofilm on chemical properties (total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and phenol), physical properties (weight loss and color changes), and mechanical properties (penetration force, elasticity modulus, and penetration energy) at 4°C at the end of 20 days of storage were investigated in a completely randomized design with factorial experiments. Results and Discussion Examination of total soluble solids showed that the greatest changes occurred in the uncoated package with normal atmosphere and normal film and the uncoated package with modified atmosphere and nanofilm had the least amount of change. Regarding pH and acidity, the coated package containing modified atmosphere and nanofilm had the least changes, and the most changes were observed in the uncoated package containing normal atmosphere and normal film. The lowest phenol changes were observed at the end of the storage period in the uncoated package containing modified atmosphere and regular film and the phenol changes were greater in the uncoated package containing regular atmosphere and regular film than in the other packages. At the end of the storage period, the highest and lowest ΔE were found in the coated package containing normal atmosphere and normal film and the uncoated package containing modified atmosphere and nanofilm, respectively. The increasing trend of ΔE in packages containing normal atmosphere increased more rapidly. The combination of chitosan coating, modified atmosphere, and nanofilm controlled the weight loss of zucchini, and the uncoated package with normal atmosphere and the normal film had the highest weight loss. The coated package containing a modified atmosphere and nanofilm had a higher penetration force, and the uncoated package containing a normal atmosphere and normal film could not prevent the decrease in penetration force and caused a decrease in the firmness of the samples. The combination of modified atmosphere and nanofilm slowed down the decreasing changes in elastic modulus and penetration energy, and these two parameters decreased in the uncoated package containing normal atmosphere and normal film. In general, storing products in optimal conditions preserves their quality because, under these conditions, their respiration and ethylene production are reduced. Conclusion In conclusion, the study effectively demonstrated that using modified atmosphere packaging, chitosan coating, and nanofilm technology significantly enhances the quality preservation of zucchini during storage at 4°C. The results indicated that: 1. Chemical Stability: The combination of modified atmosphere and chitosan coating was most effective in maintaining the chemical properties of zucchini, including total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. The uncoated zucchini in normal atmospheric conditions showed the most significant chemical degradation, underscoring the importance of protective treatments. 2. Phenolic Content Preservation: The preservation of phenolic compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of zucchini, was optimized in packages utilizing modified atmosphere conditions. The uncoated packages under normal atmospheric conditions exhibited the highest degradation of these beneficial compounds. 3. Physical Quality Maintenance: The visual quality, measured by color changes (ΔE), was best preserved in the uncoated package with a modified atmosphere and nanofilm. In contrast, the normal atmosphere led to more rapid color degradation, emphasizing the role of controlled environments in maintaining product appeal. 4. Weight Loss Reduction: The study highlighted that combining chitosan coating, modified atmosphere, and nanofilm effectively minimized weight loss during storage. The uncoated packages in normal atmospheric conditions experienced significant weight loss, negatively impacting product quality. 5. Mechanical Properties: The penetration force measurements indicated that the firmness of zucchini was best preserved in the coated packages with modified atmosphere and nanofilm. Conversely, uncoated packages in normal conditions showed a decline in firmness, which could affect consumer acceptance. 6. Overall Quality Preservation: The findings suggest that optimal storage conditions—characterized by reduced respiration rates and ethylene production—are crucial for maintaining the quality of fresh produce like zucchini. The research provides valuable insights into effective preservation strategies for zucchini, highlighting the potential for improved shelf life and quality through innovative packaging methods. Future studies could explore the broader applicability of these techniques across different types of fresh produce to further validate their effectiveness in extending shelf life and preserving quality. Storage of agricultural products is one of the post-harvest operations. The increase in food waste and the emphasis on fresh consumption of these products doubles the importance of storing them after harvest. Therefore, it is very important to use methods such as a modified atmosphere, edible chitosan coating, and nano packaging film to increase shelf life and maintain the quality of agricultural products. Zucchini is one of the agricultural products that, due to having a lot of water, after a few days of storage, its quality decreases. In this research, the physicochemical and mechanical properties of this product, during the storage period were evaluated by factorial test in a completely randomized design. Zucchini product after harvesting from the farm is covered with 0.5% chitosan solution and with two types of films, including silicone nanoemulsion film and normal, and also in two environments including modified atmosphere (5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 85 % nitrogen) and normal atmosphere, packed and stored at 4°C. The storage time for the samples was 20 days. Chemical properties (total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and phenol), physical properties (color changes and weight loss), and mechanical properties (penetration force, elasticity modulus, and penetration energy) were evaluated during the storage period every four days. The results showed that the total soluble solids and color changes (∆E) in the uncoated package containing modified atmosphere and nanofilm had the least changes. The coated package containing a modified atmosphere and nanofilm reduced the changes in pH factors, titratable acidity, weight loss, and penetration force. The modified atmosphere showed a positive performance in reducing the changes of phenol. Also, the combination of modified atmosphere and nanofilm prevented the increase of changes in elasticity modulus and penetration energy. Introduction Fruits and vegetables are of particular importance in human nutrition and have significant health benefits. Hence, increasing consumer demand has led to increased focus on the production and quality control of these products. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a common vegetable widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, America, and Asia. Zucchini and other agricultural products experience a decline in quality after harvest due to water loss and reduced firmness, which leads to significant economic losses. Post-harvest losses of zucchini increase with improper packaging. When the product is damaged, cellular respiration increases. Increased respiration rate increases ethylene production, accelerates the ripening and aging process, and reduces the quality and shelf life of fruits and vegetables. One of the techniques for reducing waste is the use of appropriate packaging and cold storage to reduce the metabolic activity of agricultural products, which leads to a decrease in respiration rate, ethylene production, microbial activity, and ripening, as a result, it increases the post-harvest shelf life of these products. The use of a modified atmosphere is also very useful in maintaining the quality of the product during the storage period. In this method, the gas inside the package is replaced with a different composition of the atmosphere. This composition includes a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide, which prevents oxidation and microbial spoilage and preserves the quality of the product. Edible coatings such as chitosan are placed as a layer on the product and effectively reduce microbial growth and also act as a barrier against oxygen and moisture, increasing the shelf life of the product. Packaging products with conventional films may not be as effective due to permeability to gases and water vapor, a problem that can be solved by using nano-reinforced materials. A large number of food packaging companies are using nanotechnology to improve moisture and gas barrier properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging, chitosan coating, and nanofilm on the quality properties of zucchini at 4°C during storage. Materials and Methods The zucchini required in this study were obtained from a farm located in Hamedan city. The zucchini was carefully picked so as not to be damaged and transferred to the Mechanical Properties and Rheology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan. An attempt was made to use samples of the same size, without mechanical or microbial damage. The samples were packaged coated with chitosan powder and uncoated in two packaging films, including a nanofilm made of silicone nanoemulsion purchased from Nano Bespar Aytak Company and a regular film made of light polyethylene, with two types of atmospheres (modified atmosphere with a gas mixture of 5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 85% nitrogen, and regular atmosphere). Three zucchinis were placed in each package and stored at 4 °C for 20 days. The experiments were performed every 4 days. The effects of modified atmosphere treatments, chitosan coating, and nanofilm on chemical properties (total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and phenol), physical properties (weight loss and color changes), and mechanical properties (penetration force, elasticity modulus, and penetration energy) at 4°C at the end of 20 days of storage were investigated in a completely randomized design with factorial experiments. Results and Discussion Examination of total soluble solids showed that the greatest changes occurred in the uncoated package with normal atmosphere and normal film and the uncoated package with modified atmosphere and nanofilm had the least amount of change. Regarding pH and acidity, the coated package containing modified atmosphere and nanofilm had the least changes, and the most changes were observed in the uncoated package containing normal atmosphere and normal film. The lowest phenol changes were observed at the end of the storage period in the uncoated package containing modified atmosphere and regular film and the phenol changes were greater in the uncoated package containing regular atmosphere and regular film than in the other packages. At the end of the storage period, the highest and lowest ΔE were found in the coated package containing normal atmosphere and normal film and the uncoated package containing modified atmosphere and nanofilm, respectively. The increasing trend of ΔE in packages containing normal atmosphere increased more rapidly. The combination of chitosan coating, modified atmosphere, and nanofilm controlled the weight loss of zucchini, and the uncoated package with normal atmosphere and the normal film had the highest weight loss. The coated package containing a modified atmosphere and nanofilm had a higher penetration force, and the uncoated package containing a normal atmosphere and normal film could not prevent the decrease in penetration force and caused a decrease in the firmness of the samples. The combination of modified atmosphere and nanofilm slowed down the decreasing changes in elastic modulus and penetration energy, and these two parameters decreased in the uncoated package containing normal atmosphere and normal film. In general, storing products in optimal conditions preserves their quality because, under these conditions, their respiration and ethylene production are reduced. Conclusion In conclusion, the study effectively demonstrated that using modified atmosphere packaging, chitosan coating, and nanofilm technology significantly enhances the quality preservation of zucchini during storage at 4°C. The results indicated that: 1. Chemical Stability: The combination of modified atmosphere and chitosan coating was most effective in maintaining the chemical properties of zucchini, including total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. The uncoated zucchini in normal atmospheric conditions showed the most significant chemical degradation, underscoring the importance of protective treatments. 2. Phenolic Content Preservation: The preservation of phenolic compounds, which contribute to the nutritional value of zucchini, was optimized in packages utilizing modified atmosphere conditions. The uncoated packages under normal atmospheric conditions exhibited the highest degradation of these beneficial compounds. 3. Physical Quality Maintenance: The visual quality, measured by color changes (ΔE), was best preserved in the uncoated package with a modified atmosphere and nanofilm. In contrast, the normal atmosphere led to more rapid color degradation, emphasizing the role of controlled environments in maintaining product appeal. 4. Weight Loss Reduction: The study highlighted that combining chitosan coating, modified atmosphere, and nanofilm effectively minimized weight loss during storage. The uncoated packages in normal atmospheric conditions experienced significant weight loss, negatively impacting product quality. 5. Mechanical Properties: The penetration force measurements indicated that the firmness of zucchini was best preserved in the coated packages with modified atmosphere and nanofilm. Conversely, uncoated packages in normal conditions showed a decline in firmness, which could affect consumer acceptance. 6. Overall Quality Preservation: The findings suggest that optimal storage conditions—characterized by reduced respiration rates and ethylene production—are crucial for maintaining the quality of fresh produce like zucchini. The research provides valuable insights into effective preservation strategies for zucchini, highlighting the potential for improved shelf life and quality through innovative packaging methods. Future studies could explore the broader applicability of these techniques across different types of fresh produce to further validate their effectiveness in extending shelf life and preserving quality.

https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18713_fe70260c0ee3c541f956f53a4be1ec34.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 2383-126X 9 3 2024 09 22 The Role of Life Cycle Assessment in Exploring Sustainable Power Generation from Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Moghan Region The Role of Life Cycle Assessment in Exploring Sustainable Power Generation from Biodiesel: A Case Study of the Moghan Region 33 48 18731 10.22034/jam.2024.60685.1272 FA Javad Tarighi Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Farzad Naseri Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Ebrahim Kolahi Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 21 This study has been conducted on the vital role of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a comprehensive method to evaluate the sustainability of biodiesel power generation, with a case focus on the Moghan region. Life cycle assessment covers all stages of biodiesel's life cycle, including production, distribution, and use, and provides a complete view of its environmental impacts. This study uses methods such as cradle-to-grave analysis, carbon footprint calculation, and various impact assessments to measure ecological outcomes. This article examines the distinctive features of the Moghan region's local agricultural practices, biodiesel production methods from rapeseed as the dominant oil crop in the region, and energy consumption trends. The results show that the use of fuel, plastic, and gas in rapeseed cultivation has the most intermediate effects (about 5-25% higher than other inputs) in the Moghan region. In addition, electricity consumption significantly (about 200-300% more than other inputs) affects the intermediate effects during the rapeseed oil extraction process in the Moghan region. Evaluations show that inputs of water (on average about 300, 350, 250, and 400% more than oil, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and methanol) and electricity (on average about 150, 170, 120, and 200% more than oil, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and methanol) can contribute the most to the environmental impacts in the biodiesel production stage from rapeseed oil in the biodiesel region. In addition, this study identifies that the biodiesel fuel itself has the greatest effect on the intermediate indicators of electricity production from canola-derived biodiesel. Introduction As the world confronts the pressing need to shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources, biodiesel has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels in transportation. Sourced from feedstocks like vegetable oils, animal by-products, and recycled cooking oil, biodiesel has the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security, and foster a sustainable energy future. However, to thoroughly understand and assess the environmental and sustainability implications of biodiesel as a power generation source, a comprehensive life cycle assessment is essential. To maximize the sustainability of biodiesel, it is crucial to promote ongoing research and development, enforce stringent environmental standards, and encourage the use of advanced raw materials and production technologies. Additionally, policies that support the production and sustainable utilization of biodiesel, along with public awareness and education, are vital in fostering the growth of this eco-friendly alternative. Biodiesel presents significant potential as a cleaner and more sustainable substitute for traditional fossil fuels in the transportation sector. However, a comprehensive life cycle assessment is necessary to ensure that environmental benefits are optimized and potential drawbacks are addressed. By adopting a holistic approach to biodiesel life cycle assessment, we can make informed decisions that contribute to a more sustainable and resilient energy future. Numerous studies have been conducted in this area. For decades, lignocellulosic biomass has been recognized as the most important raw material for the environmentally and economically sustainable production of high-value bioproducts by microorganisms. Nevertheless, due to their robust resistant structure, lignocellulosic materials face significant challenges in obtaining fermentable sugars for conversion into value-added products, such as bioethanol, biobutanol, and biohydrogen, with particular emphasis on new strategies to overcome pretreatment barriers. Materials and Methods The materials and methods section of this study comprises two main parts. The first part follows the systematic review and establishes the primary framework for the life cycle list of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil. The second part details the life cycle assessment method and the list of sustainable bioenergy production from biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil in the Moghan region. Subsequently, it employs the feature selection method to identify the most impactful stage and input of biopower production concerning environmental impacts. As mentioned, the first part of this study is a systematic review. The PRISMA method was employed to conduct this review, which categorizes all steps of the systematic review into a standard approach. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were utilized for the systematic review. Keywords such as life cycle assessment, sustainable power generation, and biodiesel were used to search the sources within these databases (including Scopus, Web of Science, and Research Gate). The PRISMA systematic evaluation method consists of four main stages. The first stage is identification, during which 132 articles were identified using the keywords. In the second and third stages, screening was performed, resulting in the removal of 81 unrelated and duplicate articles by examining the titles and abstracts. In the final stage, which involves selecting studies for evaluation, 14 articles published in the last five years were chosen after a thorough reading of the main texts. These articles were then entered into the analysis and data extraction stage for further evaluation. Life cycle assessment is an essential tool for businesses, policymakers, and consumers to make informed decisions regarding the environmental performance of products and services. By offering a comprehensive view of environmental impacts throughout the life cycle, it facilitates the shift towards more sustainable and eco-friendly practices. This study presents the life cycle assessment method utilizing Simapro software, supported by relevant inputs. Feature selection is a process that involves selecting a subset of relevant features from the original set to enhance model performance and decrease computational complexity. This is particularly crucial when working with high-dimensional data sets, as not all features may contribute equally to the model's predictive capability. Results and Discussion The results section is divided into two parts. The first part presents the findings of the life cycle assessment, while the second part outlines the relevant policies based on the systematic review and the results obtained. In this section, the results from the systematic review stage are presented. This part showcases statistical results related to the most common life cycle log analysis methods. It is essential to evaluate this section, as the type of analysis method can influence the results obtained. Moghan region is situated in the north of Ardabil. This area is one of the agricultural hubs in Iran. In this region, rapeseed is a primary oilseed that can be cultivated. Accordingly, the foundational study focuses on the necessary components for biodiesel production through the transesterification method using rapeseed in the Moghan region. The list required to examine the life cycle of biodiesel production from rapeseed in this area is derived from the studies conducted. Conclusion This study highlights the significance of employing life cycle assessment (LCA) as a key tool to thoroughly examine the sustainability of power generation from biodiesel, particularly within the distinct context of the Moghan region. Through an in-depth analysis encompassing the entire life cycle of biodiesel, from production to end use, we have acquired valuable insights into the environmental implications tied to this alternative energy source. The findings of the case study reveal the intricate interplay of local agricultural practices, biodiesel production processes, and energy consumption patterns specific to the Moghan region. By taking these regional variations into account, our research not only enhances the understanding of the environmental impact of biodiesel but also offers pertinent insights that can guide sustainable energy strategies at the local level. Identifying potential environmental challenges and areas for improvement in the life cycle of biodiesel enables targeted interventions and the optimization of sustainable practices. This knowledge is crucial for policymakers, energy stakeholders, and local communities as they transition towards cleaner and more environmentally friendly energy solutions. Furthermore, the incorporation of LCA in our analysis guarantees an accurate and systematic assessment, facilitating informed decision-making for the Moghan region and other areas exploring biodiesel-based power generation. As the world confronts the pressing need for sustainable energy alternatives, our research emphasizes the importance of contextual assessments to steer the development of environmentally responsible and effective energy This study has been conducted on the vital role of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a comprehensive method to evaluate the sustainability of biodiesel power generation, with a case focus on the Moghan region. Life cycle assessment covers all stages of biodiesel's life cycle, including production, distribution, and use, and provides a complete view of its environmental impacts. This study uses methods such as cradle-to-grave analysis, carbon footprint calculation, and various impact assessments to measure ecological outcomes. This article examines the distinctive features of the Moghan region's local agricultural practices, biodiesel production methods from rapeseed as the dominant oil crop in the region, and energy consumption trends. The results show that the use of fuel, plastic, and gas in rapeseed cultivation has the most intermediate effects (about 5-25% higher than other inputs) in the Moghan region. In addition, electricity consumption significantly (about 200-300% more than other inputs) affects the intermediate effects during the rapeseed oil extraction process in the Moghan region. Evaluations show that inputs of water (on average about 300, 350, 250, and 400% more than oil, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and methanol) and electricity (on average about 150, 170, 120, and 200% more than oil, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and methanol) can contribute the most to the environmental impacts in the biodiesel production stage from rapeseed oil in the biodiesel region. In addition, this study identifies that the biodiesel fuel itself has the greatest effect on the intermediate indicators of electricity production from canola-derived biodiesel. Introduction As the world confronts the pressing need to shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources, biodiesel has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels in transportation. Sourced from feedstocks like vegetable oils, animal by-products, and recycled cooking oil, biodiesel has the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security, and foster a sustainable energy future. However, to thoroughly understand and assess the environmental and sustainability implications of biodiesel as a power generation source, a comprehensive life cycle assessment is essential. To maximize the sustainability of biodiesel, it is crucial to promote ongoing research and development, enforce stringent environmental standards, and encourage the use of advanced raw materials and production technologies. Additionally, policies that support the production and sustainable utilization of biodiesel, along with public awareness and education, are vital in fostering the growth of this eco-friendly alternative. Biodiesel presents significant potential as a cleaner and more sustainable substitute for traditional fossil fuels in the transportation sector. However, a comprehensive life cycle assessment is necessary to ensure that environmental benefits are optimized and potential drawbacks are addressed. By adopting a holistic approach to biodiesel life cycle assessment, we can make informed decisions that contribute to a more sustainable and resilient energy future. Numerous studies have been conducted in this area. For decades, lignocellulosic biomass has been recognized as the most important raw material for the environmentally and economically sustainable production of high-value bioproducts by microorganisms. Nevertheless, due to their robust resistant structure, lignocellulosic materials face significant challenges in obtaining fermentable sugars for conversion into value-added products, such as bioethanol, biobutanol, and biohydrogen, with particular emphasis on new strategies to overcome pretreatment barriers. Materials and Methods The materials and methods section of this study comprises two main parts. The first part follows the systematic review and establishes the primary framework for the life cycle list of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil. The second part details the life cycle assessment method and the list of sustainable bioenergy production from biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil in the Moghan region. Subsequently, it employs the feature selection method to identify the most impactful stage and input of biopower production concerning environmental impacts. As mentioned, the first part of this study is a systematic review. The PRISMA method was employed to conduct this review, which categorizes all steps of the systematic review into a standard approach. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were utilized for the systematic review. Keywords such as life cycle assessment, sustainable power generation, and biodiesel were used to search the sources within these databases (including Scopus, Web of Science, and Research Gate). The PRISMA systematic evaluation method consists of four main stages. The first stage is identification, during which 132 articles were identified using the keywords. In the second and third stages, screening was performed, resulting in the removal of 81 unrelated and duplicate articles by examining the titles and abstracts. In the final stage, which involves selecting studies for evaluation, 14 articles published in the last five years were chosen after a thorough reading of the main texts. These articles were then entered into the analysis and data extraction stage for further evaluation. Life cycle assessment is an essential tool for businesses, policymakers, and consumers to make informed decisions regarding the environmental performance of products and services. By offering a comprehensive view of environmental impacts throughout the life cycle, it facilitates the shift towards more sustainable and eco-friendly practices. This study presents the life cycle assessment method utilizing Simapro software, supported by relevant inputs. Feature selection is a process that involves selecting a subset of relevant features from the original set to enhance model performance and decrease computational complexity. This is particularly crucial when working with high-dimensional data sets, as not all features may contribute equally to the model's predictive capability. Results and Discussion The results section is divided into two parts. The first part presents the findings of the life cycle assessment, while the second part outlines the relevant policies based on the systematic review and the results obtained. In this section, the results from the systematic review stage are presented. This part showcases statistical results related to the most common life cycle log analysis methods. It is essential to evaluate this section, as the type of analysis method can influence the results obtained. Moghan region is situated in the north of Ardabil. This area is one of the agricultural hubs in Iran. In this region, rapeseed is a primary oilseed that can be cultivated. Accordingly, the foundational study focuses on the necessary components for biodiesel production through the transesterification method using rapeseed in the Moghan region. The list required to examine the life cycle of biodiesel production from rapeseed in this area is derived from the studies conducted. Conclusion This study highlights the significance of employing life cycle assessment (LCA) as a key tool to thoroughly examine the sustainability of power generation from biodiesel, particularly within the distinct context of the Moghan region. Through an in-depth analysis encompassing the entire life cycle of biodiesel, from production to end use, we have acquired valuable insights into the environmental implications tied to this alternative energy source. The findings of the case study reveal the intricate interplay of local agricultural practices, biodiesel production processes, and energy consumption patterns specific to the Moghan region. By taking these regional variations into account, our research not only enhances the understanding of the environmental impact of biodiesel but also offers pertinent insights that can guide sustainable energy strategies at the local level. Identifying potential environmental challenges and areas for improvement in the life cycle of biodiesel enables targeted interventions and the optimization of sustainable practices. This knowledge is crucial for policymakers, energy stakeholders, and local communities as they transition towards cleaner and more environmentally friendly energy solutions. Furthermore, the incorporation of LCA in our analysis guarantees an accurate and systematic assessment, facilitating informed decision-making for the Moghan region and other areas exploring biodiesel-based power generation. As the world confronts the pressing need for sustainable energy alternatives, our research emphasizes the importance of contextual assessments to steer the development of environmentally responsible and effective energy

https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18731_4bb9680ece16b655445a687719745d85.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 2383-126X 9 3 2024 09 22 Comparison of Spatial-Temporal Deviations of Agricultural Crops Produced in Provinces of Iran Based on the Official Optimum Cultivation Pattern Comparison of Spatial-Temporal Deviations of Agricultural Crops Produced in Provinces of Iran Based on the Official Optimum Cultivation Pattern 49 64 18795 10.22034/jam.2024.63288.1291 FA Iman Ahmadi Department of genetics and plant production engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 07 Introduction Nowadays, due to the availability of large amounts of data, data analysis approaches have shown their potential to solve some problems in different economic sectors, for example, the concept of big data analysis has entered various disciplines, such as insurance, banking, agriculture, and environmental studies. Data analysis is performed using one of these three methods, i.e. regression analysis, clustering, and classification. To estimate the relationship between one or more independent variable(s) and a single dependent one, the regression analysis is used; a set of methods that allow the grouping of different agricultural objects is performed by clustering; and classification aims to categorize objects based on their properties, which are called predictors. Some categories of software tools are used for big data analysis such as image processing, machine learning, cloud-based platforms for large-scale information storing, analysis and computation, GIS systems, modeling and simulation, statistical tools, and time-series analysis. The R programming language, an open-source software, is a powerful platform to conduct big data analysis requiring machine learning processes, and statistical operations. This software also acts as a suitable tool for data visualization. Materials and Methods The aim of this research is the development of spatio-temporal maps of the value of agricultural crops (in five groups named cereals, legumes, industrial crops, vegetables, and fodder crops) produced in provinces of Iran using the tmap package of the RStudio software. The raw data used in this study was obtained from statistical tables presented by the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad statistics center about the value of different agronomy crops produced in 31 provinces from 2016 to 2020. Furthermore, in this study, some statistical methods were used to compare provinces based on the spatial-temporal deviations of agricultural crops produced from Iran’s official cultivation pattern. The clustering methods utilized herein were the K-means and K-medians methods of the partitioning clustering paradigm, and a hierarchical clustering method. Results and Discussion According to the results of this study, large deviations were recorded for Gilan, Alborz, and Yazd provinces followed by Bushehr, Tehran, and Qom provinces. Numerically, average deviations for the three leading provinces were 72.5%, 72%, and 70.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the average absolute deviations of crop yields in the cereals and vegetables categories from the official crop pattern were 5.9%, and 11.7% respectively; while similar measures for the legumes, fodder, and industrial crop categories were 30.2%, 36%, and 41.2% respectively. Moreover, clustering Iran provinces using the K-means and K-medians methods showed that by increasing the number of clusters, the results of these methods converge. Finally, from the practical vantage point, if the clustering curve contains clusters having central symmetry, by exchanging the cultivation patterns of these clusters, the yields of agronomy crops will be changed in the direction of matching the suggestions of the official cultivation pattern. Conclusion It is concluded that the existence of reliable input data of agricultural crops produced in provinces, the creation of spatial-temporal maps, and clustering provinces based on the deviations of crops produced in them from the official cultivation pattern helps main decision makers to obtain an appropriate view to establish suitable laws in compliance with matching the real production of agricultural crops with the suggestions of the cultivation pattern. Acknowledgment This study has been conducted as an interior research project of Islamic Azad University- Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch No. 698. The author appreciates the university vice chancellor of research for its financial resources. Introduction Nowadays, due to the availability of large amounts of data, data analysis approaches have shown their potential to solve some problems in different economic sectors, for example, the concept of big data analysis has entered various disciplines, such as insurance, banking, agriculture, and environmental studies. Data analysis is performed using one of these three methods, i.e. regression analysis, clustering, and classification. To estimate the relationship between one or more independent variable(s) and a single dependent one, the regression analysis is used; a set of methods that allow the grouping of different agricultural objects is performed by clustering; and classification aims to categorize objects based on their properties, which are called predictors. Some categories of software tools are used for big data analysis such as image processing, machine learning, cloud-based platforms for large-scale information storing, analysis and computation, GIS systems, modeling and simulation, statistical tools, and time-series analysis. The R programming language, an open-source software, is a powerful platform to conduct big data analysis requiring machine learning processes, and statistical operations. This software also acts as a suitable tool for data visualization. Materials and Methods The aim of this research is the development of spatio-temporal maps of the value of agricultural crops (in five groups named cereals, legumes, industrial crops, vegetables, and fodder crops) produced in provinces of Iran using the tmap package of the RStudio software. The raw data used in this study was obtained from statistical tables presented by the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad statistics center about the value of different agronomy crops produced in 31 provinces from 2016 to 2020. Furthermore, in this study, some statistical methods were used to compare provinces based on the spatial-temporal deviations of agricultural crops produced from Iran’s official cultivation pattern. The clustering methods utilized herein were the K-means and K-medians methods of the partitioning clustering paradigm, and a hierarchical clustering method. Results and Discussion According to the results of this study, large deviations were recorded for Gilan, Alborz, and Yazd provinces followed by Bushehr, Tehran, and Qom provinces. Numerically, average deviations for the three leading provinces were 72.5%, 72%, and 70.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the average absolute deviations of crop yields in the cereals and vegetables categories from the official crop pattern were 5.9%, and 11.7% respectively; while similar measures for the legumes, fodder, and industrial crop categories were 30.2%, 36%, and 41.2% respectively. Moreover, clustering Iran provinces using the K-means and K-medians methods showed that by increasing the number of clusters, the results of these methods converge. Finally, from the practical vantage point, if the clustering curve contains clusters having central symmetry, by exchanging the cultivation patterns of these clusters, the yields of agronomy crops will be changed in the direction of matching the suggestions of the official cultivation pattern. Conclusion It is concluded that the existence of reliable input data of agricultural crops produced in provinces, the creation of spatial-temporal maps, and clustering provinces based on the deviations of crops produced in them from the official cultivation pattern helps main decision makers to obtain an appropriate view to establish suitable laws in compliance with matching the real production of agricultural crops with the suggestions of the cultivation pattern. Acknowledgment This study has been conducted as an interior research project of Islamic Azad University- Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch No. 698. The author appreciates the university vice chancellor of research for its financial resources.

https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18795_3034bcb0ea9f3d0ebf6d6a99a4597f63.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 2383-126X 9 3 2024 09 22 Advantages of Using No-Till in Chickpea Cultivation in East Azarbaijan Province (A Case Study of Charoimak County) Advantages of Using No-Till in Chickpea Cultivation in East Azarbaijan Province (A Case Study of Charoimak County) 65 77 18827 10.22034/jam.2024.62743.1283 FA Esmaeil Seidi Agricultural Department of Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Behzad Hajizade Agricultural Department of Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 01 Background and objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of tillage and sowing techniques on chickpea growth and yield in the Charoimak district of Eastern Azarbaijan. Maintaining crop residues on the soil surface by using conservation tillage significantly reduces weed germination. Conservation tillage improves carbon fixation in the soil and significantly prevents its release into the atmosphere. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Some parameters were measured, such as establishment percent, plant height, number of main branches, stem weight, leaf number, leaf index, leaf eight, root depth, grain weight in each plant, biomass of plants, and harvest index. At the seed maturity stage, chickpea plants were randomly harvested and the desired traits were measured. Plants from each plot were harvested from the middle rows of the plots after considering the 0.5 m margin effect. Results: Linear sowing with a combinate machine and conservation tillage method resulted in a 30.6 % and 39.7 % increase in seed yield compared to traditional sowing. Planting with protective tillers statistically caused a similar increase in grain yield. Whereas, among the main components of grain yield, the conservation tillage treatment increased the number of grains per plant as compared to linear sowing and increased this trait by 26.1%, while the treatment of Linear implantation increased this attribute by 14.6%. One hundred seed weight increased by only 14% compared to traditional seed sowing under linear sowing. Percentage of chickpea seed emergence only increased the effect of planting with protective tillage by 10.9% compared to traditional seed planting. Vegetative traits such as leaf weight and leaf area were increased under linear tillage and with conservation tillage, which was increased by planting with conservation tillage. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there was no significant difference in germination percentage, number of leaves, number of main branches, and stem weight between planting with a compound tiller and traditional seed planting. However, planting with a direct-tillage row cultivator led to a significant increase in these traits. Specifically, the direct tillage treatment resulted in increases of 10.9%, 21.8%, 76.9%, and 82.9% in these traits, respectively. Notably, the direct tillage treatment had the greatest impact on stem mass. Additionally, in terms of plant height, root development depth, seed mass per plant, and seed yield per hectare, both the combined tillage and direct tillage treatments caused statistically significant and similar increases. Among these traits, the most substantial increase attributed to the direct tillage treatment was observed in leaf dry weight, which rose by 185%. The study found that the grain yield under the direct tillage treatment increased primarily due to an increase in the number of seeds. In contrast, the combined tillage treatment improved grain yield by increasing both the number of seeds and the weight of one hundred seeds. Overall, Conservation tillage methods had a higher yield than conventional systems and there was no significant difference between yields of conservative methods treatments. Concerning the reduction of costs, a direct drilling method is suggested. Of course, some important factors like machine prices and investment, the time needed to complete sowing operation in each system, and fuel consumption should be processed more. It is suggested that: - To ensure the results and generalize them, the experiments be repeated in different regions of the province. - The effect of planting methods on the physical and chemical properties of the soil affecting the growth of chickpea plants should be investigated. - The effect of planting methods on the phenological characteristics of chickpeas should be investigated. - The effect of planting methods on the biological and symbiotic characteristics of chickpeas should be investigated. Background and objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of tillage and sowing techniques on chickpea growth and yield in the Charoimak district of Eastern Azarbaijan. Maintaining crop residues on the soil surface by using conservation tillage significantly reduces weed germination. Conservation tillage improves carbon fixation in the soil and significantly prevents its release into the atmosphere. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Some parameters were measured, such as establishment percent, plant height, number of main branches, stem weight, leaf number, leaf index, leaf eight, root depth, grain weight in each plant, biomass of plants, and harvest index. At the seed maturity stage, chickpea plants were randomly harvested and the desired traits were measured. Plants from each plot were harvested from the middle rows of the plots after considering the 0.5 m margin effect. Results: Linear sowing with a combinate machine and conservation tillage method resulted in a 30.6 % and 39.7 % increase in seed yield compared to traditional sowing. Planting with protective tillers statistically caused a similar increase in grain yield. Whereas, among the main components of grain yield, the conservation tillage treatment increased the number of grains per plant as compared to linear sowing and increased this trait by 26.1%, while the treatment of Linear implantation increased this attribute by 14.6%. One hundred seed weight increased by only 14% compared to traditional seed sowing under linear sowing. Percentage of chickpea seed emergence only increased the effect of planting with protective tillage by 10.9% compared to traditional seed planting. Vegetative traits such as leaf weight and leaf area were increased under linear tillage and with conservation tillage, which was increased by planting with conservation tillage. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there was no significant difference in germination percentage, number of leaves, number of main branches, and stem weight between planting with a compound tiller and traditional seed planting. However, planting with a direct-tillage row cultivator led to a significant increase in these traits. Specifically, the direct tillage treatment resulted in increases of 10.9%, 21.8%, 76.9%, and 82.9% in these traits, respectively. Notably, the direct tillage treatment had the greatest impact on stem mass. Additionally, in terms of plant height, root development depth, seed mass per plant, and seed yield per hectare, both the combined tillage and direct tillage treatments caused statistically significant and similar increases. Among these traits, the most substantial increase attributed to the direct tillage treatment was observed in leaf dry weight, which rose by 185%. The study found that the grain yield under the direct tillage treatment increased primarily due to an increase in the number of seeds. In contrast, the combined tillage treatment improved grain yield by increasing both the number of seeds and the weight of one hundred seeds. Overall, Conservation tillage methods had a higher yield than conventional systems and there was no significant difference between yields of conservative methods treatments. Concerning the reduction of costs, a direct drilling method is suggested. Of course, some important factors like machine prices and investment, the time needed to complete sowing operation in each system, and fuel consumption should be processed more. It is suggested that: - To ensure the results and generalize them, the experiments be repeated in different regions of the province. - The effect of planting methods on the physical and chemical properties of the soil affecting the growth of chickpea plants should be investigated. - The effect of planting methods on the phenological characteristics of chickpeas should be investigated. - The effect of planting methods on the biological and symbiotic characteristics of chickpeas should be investigated.

https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18827_596e95019590139e981e2cf334d3d7d6.pdf

University of Tabriz Journal of Agricultural Mechanization 2383-126X 9 3 2024 09 22 Energy Analysis of Tomato Production in Open Field and Greenhouse Energy Analysis of Tomato Production in Open Field and Greenhouse 79 92 18699 10.22034/jam.2024.62744.1284 FA Esmaeil Seidi Department of Agricultural Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Masoud Momeni Department of Agricultural Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 01 Introduction Today, farmers are striving to increase their yields, but many lack the necessary information to analyze energy consumption patterns effectively. Therefore, conducting an energy analysis is essential to provide farm planners and policymakers with a comprehensive overview of energy consumption. Energy input-output analysis is closely linked to agricultural practices, including input quantities, production levels, and environmental factors. The greenhouse industry has been active for several years, but due to a lack of awareness among those involved in the field, many producers struggle to achieve profitable outcomes. Moreover, this oversight can lead to significant environmental harm due to excessive energy consumption at the end of the production process. This research investigates the cultivation of various crop types grown in greenhouses, drawing on studies conducted by other researchers in the field. Materials and Methods The energy consumption involved in cultivating tomatoes was compared between field and greenhouse methods. Data was gathered through a questionnaire, which included general information about cultivation types, water resources, product inputs, and machinery used. Direct and indirect energy inputs were classified, and energy indexes were calculated based on this information. Statistical methods were employed to analyze the collected data. To estimate the energy consumed during tomato production, we first identified and measured all inputs and outputs. The energy associated with each input and output was then calculated by using the energy equivalent for each, multiplying it by the amount of input consumed or product produced. Results and Discussion The results indicated that total energy consumption for conventional farming systems was 81.73 GJ/ha, while for greenhouse systems it was significantly higher at 89.225 GJ/ha. In conventional systems, the primary energy input was electricity, followed by fertilizer. In contrast, for greenhouse systems, natural gas was the main energy source, with diesel as the second most utilized input. Despite the much higher energy consumption in greenhouse systems, the total income from greenhouse-grown tomatoes was three times greater than that from field-grown tomatoes. A key factor contributing to this higher income is the timing of product sales, as tomatoes from greenhouses are available in autumn, winter, and spring, periods when field tomatoes are scarce in the market. Conclusion Firstly, reducing energy consumption in this sector lowers production costs and increases profitability, while also ensuring the production of high-quality products. Secondly, by adopting new methods, we can minimize the inappropriate use of energy in production (such as fossil fuels, water, fertilizers, and pesticides), which often leads to environmental destruction. Ultimately, implementing a greenhouse production system may be a more effective approach for the region. However, it is essential to incorporate innovations such as sustainable energy systems and optimal design parameters for structures and buildings. The results of this study highlight the inefficiency of energy consumption in tomato cultivation. It was found that farmers do not properly implement the air-pile system in open-air cultivation, leading to inefficient water usage. This issue could be addressed by adopting modern irrigation methods used in the greenhouse sector. Additionally, the amount of fertilizer applied in tomato production is also inefficient. This inefficiency may stem from the inadequate use of chemical fertilizers based on soil tests. The electricity consumed during the production process in power plants leads to significant environmental challenges, highlighting the need for cleaner and renewable energy sources for electricity generation. Modern techniques, particularly the use of solar energy, can greatly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and natural gas, while also lowering labor costs. Additionally, government support and incentives aimed at developing infrastructure for clean energy can encourage farmers to adopt these technologies. In greenhouse cultivation, the majority of energy usage comes from natural gas, fuel, and electricity. Therefore, promoting intelligent control systems to manage environmental conditions—such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide levels—can significantly decrease energy consumption in this sector. Introduction Today, farmers are striving to increase their yields, but many lack the necessary information to analyze energy consumption patterns effectively. Therefore, conducting an energy analysis is essential to provide farm planners and policymakers with a comprehensive overview of energy consumption. Energy input-output analysis is closely linked to agricultural practices, including input quantities, production levels, and environmental factors. The greenhouse industry has been active for several years, but due to a lack of awareness among those involved in the field, many producers struggle to achieve profitable outcomes. Moreover, this oversight can lead to significant environmental harm due to excessive energy consumption at the end of the production process. This research investigates the cultivation of various crop types grown in greenhouses, drawing on studies conducted by other researchers in the field. Materials and Methods The energy consumption involved in cultivating tomatoes was compared between field and greenhouse methods. Data was gathered through a questionnaire, which included general information about cultivation types, water resources, product inputs, and machinery used. Direct and indirect energy inputs were classified, and energy indexes were calculated based on this information. Statistical methods were employed to analyze the collected data. To estimate the energy consumed during tomato production, we first identified and measured all inputs and outputs. The energy associated with each input and output was then calculated by using the energy equivalent for each, multiplying it by the amount of input consumed or product produced. Results and Discussion The results indicated that total energy consumption for conventional farming systems was 81.73 GJ/ha, while for greenhouse systems it was significantly higher at 89.225 GJ/ha. In conventional systems, the primary energy input was electricity, followed by fertilizer. In contrast, for greenhouse systems, natural gas was the main energy source, with diesel as the second most utilized input. Despite the much higher energy consumption in greenhouse systems, the total income from greenhouse-grown tomatoes was three times greater than that from field-grown tomatoes. A key factor contributing to this higher income is the timing of product sales, as tomatoes from greenhouses are available in autumn, winter, and spring, periods when field tomatoes are scarce in the market. Conclusion Firstly, reducing energy consumption in this sector lowers production costs and increases profitability, while also ensuring the production of high-quality products. Secondly, by adopting new methods, we can minimize the inappropriate use of energy in production (such as fossil fuels, water, fertilizers, and pesticides), which often leads to environmental destruction. Ultimately, implementing a greenhouse production system may be a more effective approach for the region. However, it is essential to incorporate innovations such as sustainable energy systems and optimal design parameters for structures and buildings. The results of this study highlight the inefficiency of energy consumption in tomato cultivation. It was found that farmers do not properly implement the air-pile system in open-air cultivation, leading to inefficient water usage. This issue could be addressed by adopting modern irrigation methods used in the greenhouse sector. Additionally, the amount of fertilizer applied in tomato production is also inefficient. This inefficiency may stem from the inadequate use of chemical fertilizers based on soil tests. The electricity consumed during the production process in power plants leads to significant environmental challenges, highlighting the need for cleaner and renewable energy sources for electricity generation. Modern techniques, particularly the use of solar energy, can greatly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and natural gas, while also lowering labor costs. Additionally, government support and incentives aimed at developing infrastructure for clean energy can encourage farmers to adopt these technologies. In greenhouse cultivation, the majority of energy usage comes from natural gas, fuel, and electricity. Therefore, promoting intelligent control systems to manage environmental conditions—such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide levels—can significantly decrease energy consumption in this sector.

https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18699_39fd9d4913d73669a7801afae5fa4b36.pdf