University of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Mechanization2383-126X8320230923Investigating the effect of irrigation method on energy and environmental indicators of almond production in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinceInvestigating the effect of irrigation method on energy and environmental indicators of almond production in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province1101712610.22034/jam.2023.57589.1246FAHassanGhasemi-MobtakerDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranZahraHeidarpourDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranMajidKhanaliDrpartment of Agricultural machinery engineeing College of Agriculture , University college of agriculture abd natural resources, University of Tehran Karaj IranAbdolmajidLiaghatDepartment of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20230718In recent years, due to the limitation of water resources, the use of pressured irrigation methods has received much attention. Although the use of pressurized irrigation systems increases the water productivity, these systems have received less attention in terms of energy use and environmental aspects. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the energy and environmental indicators of almond orchards under surface and pressured irrigation methods in Shahr-e Kord and Saman region of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The required data, including information about inputs and energy consumed in almond orchards, were collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. No significant difference was observed regarding the performance of almond production in the two mentioned irrigation systems. Examining the results of water consumption in two systems showed that the pressured irrigation system consumes about 82% less water than the surface irrigation system, while the energy consumption in this system was about 12% more than the surface irrigation system. Energy ratio of almond production in surface irrigation systems was computed as 2.40, while the corresponding value in pressured system was 2.07. In other words, surface irrigation had better conditions in terms of energy indicators. The investigation of the environmental indicators of two irrigation systems showed that the use of the pressured irrigation system reduces the environmental damageIn recent years, due to the limitation of water resources, the use of pressured irrigation methods has received much attention. Although the use of pressurized irrigation systems increases the water productivity, these systems have received less attention in terms of energy use and environmental aspects. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the energy and environmental indicators of almond orchards under surface and pressured irrigation methods in Shahr-e Kord and Saman region of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The required data, including information about inputs and energy consumed in almond orchards, were collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. No significant difference was observed regarding the performance of almond production in the two mentioned irrigation systems. Examining the results of water consumption in two systems showed that the pressured irrigation system consumes about 82% less water than the surface irrigation system, while the energy consumption in this system was about 12% more than the surface irrigation system. Energy ratio of almond production in surface irrigation systems was computed as 2.40, while the corresponding value in pressured system was 2.07. In other words, surface irrigation had better conditions in terms of energy indicators. The investigation of the environmental indicators of two irrigation systems showed that the use of the pressured irrigation system reduces the environmental damagehttps://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17126_2f2c8cd46a732b98a7e8b5e0c42e7d7a.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Mechanization2383-126X8320230923Evaluation and design of forward-reverse logistics supply chain network of Shiraz biogas power plantEvaluation and design of forward-reverse logistics supply chain network of Shiraz biogas power plant11251712810.22034/jam.2023.57445.1244FANajmeTavakoliPh.D. Student, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.MohammadSharifiDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.MajidKhanaliDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.HassanGhasemi-MobtakerDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.Journal Article20230709Since the beginning of the 21st century, about 80% of the world's energy is supplied by fossil fuels. The problems caused by the environmental pollutants resulting from the consumption of fossil fuels and the reduction of fossil fuel reserves have drawn a lot of attention to renewable energy sources and other low-carbon and cheap energy sources for electricity generation. For this reason, in this article, Shiraz biogas power plant has been investigated. In this study, in order to investigate the economic and environmental aspects of the Shiraz waste incinerator biogas plant, reverse-forward logistics was used by GAMS software, where the products from the lower levels of the supply chain are returned to the higher levels and due to cost reduction Increasing profits, increasing customer satisfaction and complying with environmental laws are very important. The results showed that the theoretical methane produced from the digestion process is 27.35% and the high and low calorific value of biogas is 22.32 and 20.11 megajoules per cubic meter, respectively. For 18 generators with an input mass flow rate of each generator of 888.57 kg per day and a residence time of 9.57 days, the biogas produced will be 3949.326 cubic meters per day, the power obtained assuming high power and low calorific value of the fuel in The power plant will be 357/09 and 321/809 kW. The results of the examination of the economic and environmental function showed that as the amount of the economic objective function increases, the profit of the chain increases,Since the beginning of the 21st century, about 80% of the world's energy is supplied by fossil fuels. The problems caused by the environmental pollutants resulting from the consumption of fossil fuels and the reduction of fossil fuel reserves have drawn a lot of attention to renewable energy sources and other low-carbon and cheap energy sources for electricity generation. For this reason, in this article, Shiraz biogas power plant has been investigated. In this study, in order to investigate the economic and environmental aspects of the Shiraz waste incinerator biogas plant, reverse-forward logistics was used by GAMS software, where the products from the lower levels of the supply chain are returned to the higher levels and due to cost reduction Increasing profits, increasing customer satisfaction and complying with environmental laws are very important. The results showed that the theoretical methane produced from the digestion process is 27.35% and the high and low calorific value of biogas is 22.32 and 20.11 megajoules per cubic meter, respectively. For 18 generators with an input mass flow rate of each generator of 888.57 kg per day and a residence time of 9.57 days, the biogas produced will be 3949.326 cubic meters per day, the power obtained assuming high power and low calorific value of the fuel in The power plant will be 357/09 and 321/809 kW. The results of the examination of the economic and environmental function showed that as the amount of the economic objective function increases, the profit of the chain increases,https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17128_034c6119ddec616ea511184c8d57eed8.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Mechanization2383-126X8320230923Evaluation of environmental pollutants in greenhouse strawberry production by hydroponic method using damage, exergy and emergy indicators in order to achieve production sustainabilityEvaluation of environmental pollutants in greenhouse strawberry production by hydroponic method using damage, exergy and emergy indicators in order to achieve production sustainability27431712910.22034/jam.2023.57201.1241FAMajidKhanaliDrpartment of Agricultural machinery engineeing College of Agriculture , University college of agriculture abd natural resources, University of Tehran Karaj IranShahlaHardaniDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranAsadallahAkramDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranHosseinMobliDepartment of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, IranJournal Article20230621In this study, strawberry production in hydroponic greenhouses in Saujblag city was evaluated and analyzed in terms of environmental consequences caused by the consumption of agricultural inputs, exergy demand index and emergy demand. The results of the evaluation indicators were obtained using the IMPACT 2002+ method in Simapro software. The results showed that phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) with about 89% has the greatest effect on the resource extraction effect. According to the weighting calculations, the human damage category had the highest amount and the ecosystem quality category had the least amount of damage. Combustion of diesel fuel and electricity had a significant effect on human health damage with values of 43.68 mPt and 32.17 mPt, respectively. According to the exergy index, non-renewable fossil resources with a share of about 99% and a value of 10,893.13 megajoules per ton accounted for the highest cumulative exergy demand. Also, based on the results, the highest emergy in crop production is related to human labor with a value of 1.73E+16 (sej/ha) and then the highest emergy values were related to irrigation water and natural gas with a value of 1.36E+16 and 5.36E+15, respectively. Based on the results, it is suggested that by using new methods of greenhouse management based on the optimal consumption of agricultural inputs and replacing all kinds of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, the environmental effects of strawberry production will be reduced and the sustainability of this product will be increased.In this study, strawberry production in hydroponic greenhouses in Saujblag city was evaluated and analyzed in terms of environmental consequences caused by the consumption of agricultural inputs, exergy demand index and emergy demand. The results of the evaluation indicators were obtained using the IMPACT 2002+ method in Simapro software. The results showed that phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) with about 89% has the greatest effect on the resource extraction effect. According to the weighting calculations, the human damage category had the highest amount and the ecosystem quality category had the least amount of damage. Combustion of diesel fuel and electricity had a significant effect on human health damage with values of 43.68 mPt and 32.17 mPt, respectively. According to the exergy index, non-renewable fossil resources with a share of about 99% and a value of 10,893.13 megajoules per ton accounted for the highest cumulative exergy demand. Also, based on the results, the highest emergy in crop production is related to human labor with a value of 1.73E+16 (sej/ha) and then the highest emergy values were related to irrigation water and natural gas with a value of 1.36E+16 and 5.36E+15, respectively. Based on the results, it is suggested that by using new methods of greenhouse management based on the optimal consumption of agricultural inputs and replacing all kinds of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, the environmental effects of strawberry production will be reduced and the sustainability of this product will be increased.https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17129_17986bcb9c1f5e60bda6f8882b535732.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Mechanization2383-126X8320230923Utilization of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urmia MetropolisUtilization of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Urmia Metropolis45561729110.22034/jam.2023.57210.1242FARezaKheyriDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranRezaAbdiDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20230621In the last few decades, increasing in the world population and subsequently, rising in production and utilization of resources have caused Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) production to go up significantly day by day. Therefore, it is necessary to use new methods and techniques in order to evaluate the environmental pollution and manage this waste. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the new techniques that has been used in this study to evaluate and compare the scenarios for managing the MSW in Urmia metropolis. Four scenarios of composting, incineration, sanitary landfilling and recycling were presented as solutions. The obtained data has been analyzed by Simapro software. Each scenario was analyzed in terms of ten environmental indicators that include abiotic depletion potential, ozone layer depletion potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, fresh water toxicity potential, marine toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation and eutrophication indicators. The results indicated the sanitary landfilling scenario had the highest pollution in eight environmental indicators. The incineration scenario was the most pollutant scenario for the ozone layer depletion potential and global warming potential indicators. Recycling was shown as the best scenario, which has the lowest effects on global warming potential and human toxicity potential indicators. Composting was recognized with the lowest footprint on seven environmental indicators against the other scenarios. In addition, this scenario has the least environmental pollution about the ozone layer depletion potential among all the indicators. Furthermore, the final environmental indicator was analyzed to compare the presented scenarios and regardingIn the last few decades, increasing in the world population and subsequently, rising in production and utilization of resources have caused Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) production to go up significantly day by day. Therefore, it is necessary to use new methods and techniques in order to evaluate the environmental pollution and manage this waste. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the new techniques that has been used in this study to evaluate and compare the scenarios for managing the MSW in Urmia metropolis. Four scenarios of composting, incineration, sanitary landfilling and recycling were presented as solutions. The obtained data has been analyzed by Simapro software. Each scenario was analyzed in terms of ten environmental indicators that include abiotic depletion potential, ozone layer depletion potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, fresh water toxicity potential, marine toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation and eutrophication indicators. The results indicated the sanitary landfilling scenario had the highest pollution in eight environmental indicators. The incineration scenario was the most pollutant scenario for the ozone layer depletion potential and global warming potential indicators. Recycling was shown as the best scenario, which has the lowest effects on global warming potential and human toxicity potential indicators. Composting was recognized with the lowest footprint on seven environmental indicators against the other scenarios. In addition, this scenario has the least environmental pollution about the ozone layer depletion potential among all the indicators. Furthermore, the final environmental indicator was analyzed to compare the presented scenarios and regardinghttps://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17291_68c5acdedbf9adb4aa8f94a4b9bd718e.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Mechanization2383-126X8320230923Investigating and analyzing methods of selecting agricultural machines in East Azarbaijan province using SWOT matrixInvestigating and analyzing methods of selecting agricultural machines in East Azarbaijan province using SWOT matrix57681739710.22034/jam.2023.55936.1235FAMojtabaAsgary GhadimDepartment of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran.AdelTaheri HajivandSchool of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran0000-0001-7643-3396ALirezaGholamshahiDepartment of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20230326SWOT matrix (SWOT) is a management method in better advancing strategies in all sciences and industries. Therefore, it can be very effective in the management of agricultural mechanization. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the methods of selecting agricultural machines using the SWOT matrix. The basis of this matrix is to identify weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities. A questionnaire was used to collect the research data, and the statistical population related to the research questionnaires is all the experts of the agricultural department of East Azarbaijan province, 126 of whom were selected as a statistical sample using Morgan's table. The result of Cronbach's alpha test for strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities was 0.82, 0.86, 0.83 and 0.71 respectively. Based on the results, the quality of the farmer's knowledge and skill in using agricultural machines as the best point, the lack of ability to know the type of soil by farmers as the most significant weakness, changes in weather conditions are the worst threat and determining the definitive price for the machine. agriculture and announcing it as the best opportunity. The findings of the research showed that the method based on quality and technology factors is preferred over the other two methods, economic and environmental, for selecting agricultural machines, and the method based on economic factors is in the second place and the method based on environmental factors is in the first place. The third priority was placed.SWOT matrix (SWOT) is a management method in better advancing strategies in all sciences and industries. Therefore, it can be very effective in the management of agricultural mechanization. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the methods of selecting agricultural machines using the SWOT matrix. The basis of this matrix is to identify weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities. A questionnaire was used to collect the research data, and the statistical population related to the research questionnaires is all the experts of the agricultural department of East Azarbaijan province, 126 of whom were selected as a statistical sample using Morgan's table. The result of Cronbach's alpha test for strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities was 0.82, 0.86, 0.83 and 0.71 respectively. Based on the results, the quality of the farmer's knowledge and skill in using agricultural machines as the best point, the lack of ability to know the type of soil by farmers as the most significant weakness, changes in weather conditions are the worst threat and determining the definitive price for the machine. agriculture and announcing it as the best opportunity. The findings of the research showed that the method based on quality and technology factors is preferred over the other two methods, economic and environmental, for selecting agricultural machines, and the method based on economic factors is in the second place and the method based on environmental factors is in the first place. The third priority was placed.https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17397_ba22883ea4ee549e1674752e7b6a86ed.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Agricultural Mechanization2383-126X8320230923Comparative analysis of energy utilization and environmental consequences throughout the life cycle of alfalfa and silage barley cultivation in different irrigation techniquesComparative analysis of energy utilization and environmental consequences throughout the life cycle of alfalfa and silage barley cultivation in different irrigation techniques69881715910.22034/jam.2023.57548.1245FAMohammadGholami ParashkoohiDepartment of Biosystem Engineering, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.KamalNuraeefaraDepartment of Biosystem Engineering, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.DavoodMohammad ZamaniDepartment of Biosystem Engineering, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran.Journal Article20230715The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy efficiency and environmental ramifications of alfalfa and silage barley production in Qazvin province, Iran, under different irrigation systems. The outcomes showed that subsurface irrigation utilized a total input energy of 95667.71 MJ ha-1, whereas surface irrigation had a positive impact on alfalfa production with a total input energy of 902683.07 MJ ha-1. Flood irrigation had the highest input energy of 110973.39 MJ ha-1 and the lowest output energy of 523644.31 MJ ha-1 compared to other irrigation methods for barley. The primary contributors to On-Farm emissions were diesel fuel and chemical fertilizers, but subsurface irrigation systems had lower levels of diesel fuel related pollutants due to reduced usage, while flooding irrigation systems had higher levels of such contaminants. Based on the finding, silage barley cultivation was a better option than alfalfa cultivation in terms of energy consumption and environment. Based on the finding, silage barley cultivation was a better option than alfalfa cultivation in terms of energy consumption and environment.The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy efficiency and environmental ramifications of alfalfa and silage barley production in Qazvin province, Iran, under different irrigation systems. The outcomes showed that subsurface irrigation utilized a total input energy of 95667.71 MJ ha-1, whereas surface irrigation had a positive impact on alfalfa production with a total input energy of 902683.07 MJ ha-1. Flood irrigation had the highest input energy of 110973.39 MJ ha-1 and the lowest output energy of 523644.31 MJ ha-1 compared to other irrigation methods for barley. The primary contributors to On-Farm emissions were diesel fuel and chemical fertilizers, but subsurface irrigation systems had lower levels of diesel fuel related pollutants due to reduced usage, while flooding irrigation systems had higher levels of such contaminants. Based on the finding, silage barley cultivation was a better option than alfalfa cultivation in terms of energy consumption and environment. Based on the finding, silage barley cultivation was a better option than alfalfa cultivation in terms of energy consumption and environment.https://jam.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17159_e2fb62d1e11ca4b50aaf86c03ab743b3.pdf